Once the bane of Hollywood executives, Lee has proven through his creativity and resolve that films by and about African Americans can be both profitable and universally appealing. And almost singlehandedly, he has generated an industry-wide awareness of a neglected market niche, the black moviegoing public. Following the unforeseen box-office success of Lee's earliest films, Hollywood's gates have opened to a new generation of young African American filmmakers. "Spike put this trend in vogue," Warner Bros. executive vice-president Mark Canton told Time. "His talent opened the door for others." Lee relishes his role as path-paver. "Every time there is a success," he explained to Ebony, "it makes it easier for other blacks. The industry is more receptive than it has ever been for black films and black actors. We have so many stories to tell, but we can't do them all. We just need more black filmmakers."

Aware of his identity
Shelton Jackson Lee was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on March 20, 1957 — the eve of the civil rights era. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, an area that figures largely in his work as a mature filmmaker. Lee's awareness of his African American identity was established at an early age. His mother, Jacquelyn, instilled in her children a schoolteacher's enthusiasm for black art and literature. "I was forced to read Langston Hughes, that kind of stuff," Lee told Vanity Fair. "And I'm glad my mother made me do that." His father, Bill, an accomplished jazz musician, introduced him to African American jazz and folk legends like Miles Davis and Odetta, respectively.

By the time he was old enough to attend school, the already independent Lee had earned the nickname his mother had given him as an infant, Spike — an allusion to his toughness. When he and his siblings were offered the option of attending the predominantly white private school where his mother taught, Lee opted instead to go the public route, where he would be assured of the companionship of black peers. "Spike used to point out the differences in our friends," recalled his sister Joie, who was a private school student. "By the time I was a senior," she told Mother Jones, "I was being channeled into white colleges." Lee chose to go to his father and grandfather's all-black alma mater, Morehouse College in Atlanta, where he majored in mass communications.

Pursued film career
It was at Morehouse that Lee found his calling. Following the unexpected death of his mother in 1977, Lee's friends tried to cheer him with frequent trips to the movies. He quickly became a fan of directors Bernardo Bertolucci, Martin Scorsese, and Akira Kurosawa. But it wasn't until he had seen Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter that Lee knew the die was cast. His friend John Wilson recalled their conversation on the ride home from the film in an interview with Vanity Fair. "John, I know what I want to do," Lee had said. "I want to make films." But not just any films: Lee wanted to make films that would capture the black experience, and he was willing to do so by whatever means necessary. "Spike didn't just want to get in the door of the house," Wilson explained. "He wanted to get in, rearrange the furniture — then go back and publicize the password."

He pursued his passion at New York University, where he enrolled in the Tisch School of Arts graduate film program. One of only a handful of African American students, he wasted no time incurring the wrath of his instructors with his affinity for "rearranging the furniture." As his first-year project, Lee produced a ten-minute short, The Answer, in which a black screenwriter is assigned to remake D. W. Griffith's classic film The Birth of a Nation. The Answer was panned. Although the film program's director, Eleanor Hamerow, told the New York Times, "It's hard to redo Birth of a Nation in ten minutes," Lee suspected that his critics were offended by his digs at the legendary director's stereotypical portrayals of black characters. "I was told I was whiskers away from being kicked out," he told Mother Jones. "They really didn't like me saying anything bad about D. W. Griffith, for sure."

Short film wins award
Hardly deterred, Lee went on to produce a 45-minute film — Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads — that won him the 1983 Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Student Academy Award. Although the honor enhanced his credibility as a director, it didn't pay the bills. Faced with the reality of survival, Lee worked for a movie distribution house while hustling funds for a semiautobiographical film, The Messenger.

A coming-of-age story about a young bicycle messenger, The Messenger was aborted prematurely when sufficient funding failed to materialize. "We were in pre-production the entire summer of 1984, waiting on this money to come, and it never did," Lee told Vanity Fair. "Then, finally, I pulled the plug. I let a lot of people down, crew members and actors that turned down work. I wasn't the most popular person. We were devastated." But all was not lost; Lee had learned his lesson. "I saw I made the classic mistakes of a young filmmaker, to be overly ambitious, do something beyond my means and capabilities," he said. "Going through the fire just made me more hungry, more determined that I couldn't fail again."

Scored a surprise hit with She's Gotta Have It
When he filmed She's Gotta Have It a year later, Lee's determination paid off. Made on a shoestring $175,000 budget in just 12 days, the black-and-white picture was shot on one location with a limited cast and edited on a rented machine in Lee's apartment. By the time it was completed, Lee was so deeply in debt that the processing lab he'd used threatened to auction off the film's negative.

After Island Pictures agreed to distribute it, She's Gotta Have It finally opened in 1986. A light comedy centering on artist Nola Darling and her relationships with three men, the film pokes fun at gender relations and offers an insightful spin on stereotypically macho male roles. It packed houses not only with the black audience Lee had anticipated, but also with a crossover, art-house crowd. Grossing over $7 million, the low-budget film was a surprise hit.

With the success of She's Gotta Have It, Lee became known in cinematic circles not only as a director, but also as a comic actor. Mars Blackmon — one of Nola's lovers, played by Lee — won an instant following with his now-famous line, "Please baby, please baby, please baby, baby, baby, please." "After She's Gotta Have It, Spike could've gone a long way with Mars Blackmon," the film's co-producer Monty Ross told Mother Jones. "He could've done Mars Blackmon the Sequel, Mars Blackmon Part 5." Not anxious to be typecast, though, Lee said to the studios "Mars Blackmon is dead.'"

School Daze: more than a picture of black campus life
With a major hit under his belt and the backing of Island Pictures, Lee had more latitude with his next film, a musical called School Daze. An exposé of color discrimination within the black community, School Daze draws on Lee's years at Morehouse. "The people with the money, " he told the New York Times, "most of them have light skin. They have the Porsches, the B.M.W.'s, the quote good hair unquote. The others, the kids from the rural south, have bad, kinky hair. When I was in school, we saw all this going on." This black caste system, Lee explained to Newsweek, was not a limited phenomenon. "I used the black college as a microcosm of black life."

School Daze created a brouhaha in the black community: while many applauded Lee's efforts to explore a complex social problem, others were offended by his willingness to "air dirty laundry." Everyone agreed that the film was controversial. When production costs reached $4 million, Island Pictures got cold feet and pulled out. Within two days, Lee had arranged a deal with Columbia Pictures that included an additional $2 million in production funds. But Columbia, then under the direction of David Puttnam, apparently misunderstood the film's true nature. "They saw music, they saw dancing, they saw comedy," Lee told Mother Jones. By the time School Daze was released in 1988, Puttnam had been ousted. Despite the fact that the studio's new management failed to promote it, the film grossed $15 million.

Explored racial tensions in Do the Right Thing
School Daze established Lee's reputation as a director ready to seize heady issues by the horns. Do the Right Thing, released in 1989, confirmed it. The story of simmering racial tension between Italian and African Americans in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, the film becomes a call to arms when violence erupts in response to the killing of a black man by white police officers. It ends on a note of apparent uncertainty with two opposing quotes: Martin Luther King's "The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind," followed by Malcolm X's "I am not against violence in self defense. I don't even call it violence when it's self-defense. I call it intelligence."

The meaning of "the right thing," Lee told People, is not vague. "Black America is tired of having their brothers and sisters murdered by the police for no reason other than being black." "I'm not advocating violence," he continued. "I'm saying I can understand it. If the people are frustrated and feel oppressed and feel this is the only way they can act, I understand."

Critical response to the film was both enthusiastic and wary. Media critic Roger Ebert called it "the most honest, complex and unblinking film I have ever seen about the subject of racism." Others voiced warnings of possible violence. New York magazine said, "Lee appears to be endorsing the outcome, and if some audiences go wild he's partly responsible."

Striking a balance: Mo' Better Blues
Despite the fact that Do the Right Thing failed to inspire the predicted violence, Lee chose a lighter topic for his next film — a romance. The film portrays the saga of a self-centered jazz trumpeter, Bleek Gilliam, whose personal life plays second fiddle to his music. "Mo' Better Blues is about relationships," Lee explained to Ebony. "It's not only about man-woman relationships, but about relationships in general — Bleek's relationship to his father and his manager, and his relationship with two female friends. Bleek's true love is music, and he is trying to find the right balance."

Bleek's character was inspired by Lee's jazz-musician father, Bill Lee, who wrote the film's score. "Bleek is my father's nickname," Lee told People. The character's dilemma — the need to temper the obsessive nature of the creative act — however, has universal relevance. That theme, Newsweek suggested, is one with which the director himself can readily identify.

Although recognized for its technical mastery and snappy score — partially the result of a $10 million budget — Mo' Better Blues received lukewarm reviews. "The movie is all notions and no shape," said the New Yorker, "hard, fierce blowing rather than real music." And more than one critic took offense at Lee's shallow treatment of female characters and ethnic stereotyping of Jewish jazz club owners Moe and Josh Flatbush.

Examined interracial love in Jungle Fever
In his next film, Jungle Fever, Lee explored the theme of romance further — but this time, from a more provocative slant. Inspired by the 1989 murder of black teenager Yusuf Hawkins by a mob of Italian American youths, Jungle Fever examines interracial romance. "Yusuf was killed because they thought he was the black boyfriend of one of the girls in the neighborhood," Lee told Newsweek.

Jungle Fever looks at issues of race, class, and gender by focusing on community response to the office affair of a married, black architect and his Italian American secretary. Lee concludes that interracial relationships are fueled by culturally based, stereotypical expectations. "You were curious about black ... I was curious about white," the architect explains when the couple parts ways. But Lee insisted in an interview with Newsweek that the film does not advocate separatism. The characters aren't meant "to represent every interracial couple. This is just one couple that came together because of sexual mythology." Although it received mixed reviews, Jungle Fever succeeded in whetting the appetite of Lee fans for further controversy. Lee's next film, on civil rights activist Malcolm X, satisfied even the most hungry.

Malcolm X
The making of Malcolm X, a movie that sparked controversy from the moment of its inception, became a personal mission for Lee, who had long been an admirer of the legendary black leader. Vowing to cut no corners, Lee planned a biographical film of epic proportions that required months of research, numerous interviews, and even an unprecedented trip to Saudi Arabia for authentic-looking footage of Malcolm's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. Taken shortly before his assassination in 1965, this journey caused a significant change in Malcolm's political and religious outlook.

The final product, a three-hour-and-21-minute production, traces Malcolm X's development from his impoverished, rural roots to his final years as an electrifying speaker and leader. "I knew this was going to be the toughest thing I ever did," Lee told Time. "The film is huge in the canvas we had to cover and in the complexity of Malcolm X."

Lee fought tooth and nail to win the right to direct the film and to defend his vision of Malcolm X from the start. When he learned of plans by Warner Bros. to make Malcolm X, Norman Jewison had already been chosen as its director. After Lee told the New York Times that he had a "big problem" with a white man directing the film, Jewison agreed to bow out.

Opposition to film builds
Lee, however, faced considerable resistance to his role as director of the film. Led by poet and activist Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones), a focus group that called itself the United Front to Preserve the Memory of Malcolm X and the Cultural Revolution voiced its opposition to Lee's direction in an open letter. "Our distress about Spike's making a film on Malcolm is based on our analysis of the [exploitative] films he has already made," Ebony quoted the group as saying.

But Lee's spat with Baraka was only a momentary setback. He still had to deal with reworking an unsatisfactory script, which had been started by African American novelist James Baldwin shortly before his death and completed by writer Amold Perl. And when Lee first locked horns with Warner Bros. over Malcolm X's budget, he was bracing for another prolonged battle.

Initially, the director had requested $40 million for the film — an amount that was necessary, he claimed, in order to accurately portray all of the phases of his subject's life. The studio countered with a $20 million offer, prompting Lee to raise an additional $8.5 million by selling foreign rights to the film, kicking in a portion of his $3 million salary, and, to make up the difference, acquiring the backing of a host of black celebrities, including Bill Cosby, Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan, Janet Jackson, and Prince — much to the studio's embarrassment. "It didn't look good for Warner Bros. that Spike had to go to prominent African Americans to finish the movie," noted Entertainment Weekly. When the film was completed, Barry Reardon, the studio's president of distribution, conceded, "Spike did a fabulous job. He knows theaters, he's very smart. This is Oscars all the way."

Although Malcolm X received no Oscars, the film played a significant role in the elevation of the black leader to mythic status; it also spawned a cultural phenomenon often referred to as"Malcolm-mania." By the time the movie was released, its logo, a bold "X," was pasted on everything from baseball caps to posters, postcards, and T-shirts. What's more, a wealth of spin-off products were born, ranging from serious scholarly studies to a plastic Malcolm X doll, complete with podium and audio cassette. Promotional merchandise for the film was marketed by Lee himself through Spike's Joint, a chain of stores that comprise a portion of the director's growing business empire.

Accused of commercialism
Lee is quick to defend himself against charges of commercialism. In fact, he says, Malcolm X's philosophy — that African Americans need to build their own economic base — is the motivation for his business investments. "I think we've done more to hold ourselves back than anybody," Lee told Esquire. "If anybody's seen all my films, I put most of the blame on our shoulders and say, 'Look, we're gonna have to do for ourselves.'... I feel we really have to address our financial base as a people."

Lee's innate ability to "do for himself," his father suggested in an interview with Mother Jones, is the key to his success as a filmmaker. "Spike was kind of chosen," he explained. "I think there was something spiritual about it. He inherited it from his family. [The ability] to make a statement." Fellow filmmaker John Singleton, writing in Essence, said of Lee, "No other Black contemporary entertainer can claim to enlighten so many young Black people." But, as he stated in the New York Times, Lee wants even more to prove "that an all-black film directed by a black person can still be universal."

Picture of his youth
In mid-1993 Lee began shooting his seventh feature film, Crooklyn, a profile of an African-American middle class family growing up in Brooklyn, New York, in the 1970s. This coming-of-age story, a joint effort between Lee and his siblings Joie and Cinque, was Lee's least politically charged film to date. He managed to take a break from filming, however, in order to marry Linette Lewis. Lewis, a lawyer, had been romantically linked to Lee for the year prior to their wedding. Crooklyn was released in 1994 to mixed reviews and a tepid reception at the box office.

The following year, Lee returned to making a statement about violence and other negative conditions facing the African American community when he filmed Clockers. The motion picture tells the story of two brothers — one a drug dealer, the other a straight-laced family man — who become suspects in a mysterious murder investigation in the black community. Critic Richard Schickel, writing in Time, stated that the film "is more than a murder mystery and more than a study in character conflict. At its best, it is an intense and complex portrait of an urban landscape on which the movies' gaze has not often fallen."

Lee released two movies in 1996, Girl 6 and Get on the Bus. The first of these was the story of a frustrated young actress who takes a job as a phone-sex worker. It received decidedly mixed reviews. Better received was Get on the Bus, which was a series of character studies out of a busload of black men heading from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., for the Million Man March (an event in October 1995 that was organized by Louis Farrakhan, the controversial head of the Nation of Islam).

4 Little Girls
In 1997 Lee produced a documentary, 4 Little Girls, which was nominated for but did not win an Academy Award. The film tells the story of the victims of a bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, in September 1963 which killed three girls aged fourteen and one aged eleven. Time reviewer James Collins stated that "Lee's eloquent film does justice to the young martyrs and to those who guaranteed that the girl's deaths, while tragic, would not also be meaningless."

The following year the filmmaker directed and wrote He Got Game, which centered around the troubled relationship between a high school basketball phenom and his long-absent father. Played by Denzel Washington, the father is a convict in the Attica prison but is temporarily released by the governor who wants the father to talk his son into attending the governor's alma mater. The basketball star son is played quite convincingly by professional basketball star Ray Allen. Janet Maslin, writing in the New York Times, contends that "Mr. Lee now returns full blast to what he does best. Basketball, bold urban landscapes, larger-than-life characters, and red-hot visual pyrotechnics are the strong points of Mr. Lee's three-ring circus, not to mention the central presence of Denzel Washington."

In 1999 Lee explored the underworld of the city once again with Summer of Sam, in which the brief appearances of the famous serial killer only punctuate the smoldering rage and heat all over the Bronx in the summer of 1977. The movie met with mixed reviews — bold, dark, and well acted, it irritated many with its stereotypes of Italian Americans, women, and gays.